ROM & Kernel:
In general sense, the word ROM means Read Only Memory,
but it has migrated in the modding community to mean an actual custom OS
image that you install into the ROM area of your phone. And also, the word kernel essentially means the heart of the OS - it's the barebones operating system components.
Stock ROM & Custom ROM:
A Stock ROM is the version of the phone's operating system that comes with your phone when you buy it. A Custom ROM
is a fully standalone version of the OS, including the kernel (which
makes everything run), apps, services, etc - everything you need to
operate the device, except it's customized by someone in some way. Since, Android is open source, developers are free to take
stock ROMs, modify them, strip them of garbage, optimize them, add
things, and pretty much do whatever their imagination and skills allow. Everyone can edit, modify it as they want.
Why You Want Custom ROM?
1. Getting Update Frequently:
Using a custom ROM usually results in more frequent updates that fix bugs and introduce new features because the developer behind the ROM doesn't have the same procedures and red tape that the manufacturer+carrier combo does. A quality update can be churned faster
because it doesn't involve the bureaucracy of 30 different project
managers, 15 vice presidents, and 5 dozen marketing departments. A ROM developer usually gains a loyal community which beta tests his updates in real life situations and provide feedback, or even fixes bugs - that's the beauty of open source software. ROMs are usually free and supported by optional donations? If you can't afford to pay for it, you don't have to. Finally, most custom ROMs out there are upgradeable over the air (OTA) and without reinstalling anything. Who doesn't love open source after this?
2. Better Performance And Efficiency:
Custom ROMs are oftentimes faster, more efficient, and use less memory because the developer ripped out useless garbage, such as carrier installed apps or the developer optimized the kernel. For example, an undervolted kernel can provide a much better battery life than the stock one.
3. Upgrading To A Better/Later Version Of Android:
You
can upgrade to a version of the OS that has not yet been released for
your device, or never will be. This is possible in 2 situations; A leaked version of the new ROM showed up online, and the developer got on it. And a ROM from another phone that is ported by the developer to work on another device.
4. Ability To Install Apps To The SD Card
Most custom ROMs nowadays come with the ability to install applications to the SD card, called Apps2SD (or A2SD). This is not possible on stock ROMs, even in Android 2.1 If you have run out of space on your phone, Apps2SD is a killer feature to have.
Disadvantages of Custom ROM:
1. You may void your warranty.
2. Flashing Custom Rom may leave your phone in a bricked state, if not done adequate research.
3. Some hardware features of your phone may not work if you. Eg. Bluetooth, WiFi, Sound, etc.
4. In order to install Custom Rom you have to clean wipe, that means you will loose existing data.
5. Lots of Custom Rom is out everyday, getting right Custom Rom is
difficult because the article does not cover individual phone
Here, Can't describe all the advantages and disadvantages. If you want more you simply can Google it.
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